Skeleton, spine, joints and reach when handling objects β Reference Guide
Scope: objects only. This guidance covers the handling of inanimate objects, materials and loads.
This objects-only guide uses a simple model of the body. It explains structures and task demands, not a diagnosis or a single correct posture for every person.
Support, protection and movement
- The skull and rib cage help protect organs.
- The spine and pelvis help support the body and transfer loads.
- Shoulder, hip and knee joints allow movement. A joint is where bones meet.
- Muscles create movement; tendons connect muscle to bone.
- Ligaments connect bone to bone and help stabilise joints.
- Vertebrae form the spinal column. Discs sit between many vertebrae, while muscles and other tissues contribute to movement and support.
Simple anatomy diagrams omit detail and cannot show pain, individual capability or the whole working task. The spine is a moving structure; avoid claims that it is brittle or that a particular posture inevitably damages a disc. For introductory anatomy, see OpenStax bone and skeletal system and muscle tissue.
Reach changes demand
A close reach and a farther reach illustrate how layout can change physical demand.Holding an object farther from the body or reaching higher may increase handling demand. Redesign the task first: bring supply or destination closer, change shelf or bench height, remove obstructions, or select a suitable aid.
For a suitable assessed two-hand lift in front of the body, HSE describes a stable stance and slight bending at the back, hips and knees, with foot movement to turn. It does not prescribe a rigid straight back or a full deep squat for every move. Adapt the principles to the actual task and agreed controls. See HSE good handling technique.
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