Diabetes — Reference Guide

Diabetes 

Learn how to respond to hypo- and hyperglycaemia emergencies

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition where the body cannot regulate blood sugar levels properly. There are two main types:

  • Type 1 – the body produces no insulin.
  • Type 2 – the body produces insufficient insulin or cannot use it effectively.

First aid is typically needed when blood sugar becomes too low (hypoglycaemia) or too high (hyperglycaemia).

? Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar)

Causes: Missing meals, too much insulin, excessive exercise, or alcohol.

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Weakness or faintness
  • Shaking or trembling
  • Sweating
  • Confusion or irritability
  • Pale skin
  • Rapid pulse
  • Drowsiness or unconsciousness

Treatment:

  1. Help the person sit or lie down.
  2. Give a fast-acting sugar: e.g., sugary drink, glucose tablets, jelly babies.
  3. Follow up with a slower-acting carbohydrate: sandwich, banana, or biscuits.
  4. Monitor and reassure. Improvement should be within 10 minutes.
  5. If unresponsive or unconscious:
    • Place in recovery position.
    • Do NOT give food/drink.
    • Call 999 immediately.

? Hyperglycaemia (High Blood Sugar)

Causes: Illness, missed insulin, eating too much sugar.

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Warm, dry skin
  • Rapid breathing
  • Fruity/sweet-smelling breath
  • Extreme thirst
  • Drowsiness or unconsciousness

Treatment:

  1. Call 999 if the person is drowsy, confused, or unconscious.
  2. Do not give insulin (unless they self-administer and ask for help).
  3. If alert and responsive, encourage them to drink water.
  4. Monitor and reassure until emergency help arrives.

? Important Tips

  • ✅ If unsure whether it’s hypo or hyper — treat as hypo, as it’s more dangerous in the short term.
  • ✅ Check for a medical ID bracelet.
  • ✅ Always record the incident and inform their medical professional if required.

© 2025 First Aid For All | Skills for Life

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