Seizure — Reference Guide

? Seizure

Recognize, manage, and support someone experiencing a seizure

A seizure is a sudden burst of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in movement, behavior, feelings, or consciousness.

? Causes of Seizures

? Epilepsy (most common cause)
? High fever (febrile seizures in children)
? Low blood sugar or diabetes complications
? Alcohol or drug withdrawal
? Toxins or poisoning
⚡ Head injury or trauma
? Genetic disorders
? Certain medications or medication withdrawal
? Brain infections (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis)
? Lack of oxygen to the brain

? Signs and Symptoms

? Tonic-Clonic Seizures (Convulsive)

Sudden loss of consciousness
Body becomes rigid then jerks uncontrollably
May fall to the ground
Blue lips or face (cyanosis)
Drooling or frothing at the mouth
Loss of bladder or bowel control
Drowsiness or confusion after

? Focal (Partial) Seizures

Twitching or jerking in one part of the body
Unusual sensations (smells, tastes, sounds)
Repetitive movements or behavior
May be aware or confused

? Absence Seizures

Blank staring or “daydreaming” episodes
Sudden stop in activity
No awareness of the event
Lasts only a few seconds

Treatment

✅ Stay calm
✅ Protect the person from injury – move objects out of the way
✅ Time the seizure – most last 1–3 minutes
✅ Cushion the head – use clothing or soft objects
✅ Loosen tight clothing – especially around the neck
✅ Once seizure ends, place in recovery position and monitor breathing
✅ Offer reassurance as they regain awareness

❌ Do NOT:

❌ Restrain them
❌ Put anything in their mouth
❌ Give food, drink, or medication until fully alert

? Call 999 / Emergency Services If:

? Seizure lasts more than 5 minutes
? Another seizure starts without recovery
? Person is injured or has trouble breathing

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