Primary Survey — Reference Guide

? Primary Survey: DRABC

The Primary Survey is the initial step to assess a casualty and deal with life-threatening conditions quickly and in order of priority. Use the DRABC acronym:

? D – Danger

  • Check for dangers to yourself, the casualty, and bystanders.
  • Look, listen, and smell for hazards (e.g., traffic, fire, electricity, gas).
  • Do not approach until it is safe.

“Is the scene safe for me to approach?”

?️ R – Response

  • Check if the casualty is responsive.
  • Speak loudly: “Can you hear me?”, “Open your eyes!”
  • Gently tap shoulders if no response to voice.

Use AVPU scale:

  • A – Alert
  • V – Responds to Voice
  • P – Responds to Pain
  • U – Unresponsive

? If responsive, check for injuries and monitor.
? If unresponsive, continue with DRABC.

? A – Airway

  • Open the airway:
    • Place one hand on the forehead and gently tilt the head back.
    • Use two fingers under the chin to lift it (head-tilt, chin-lift).
  • Check for visible blockages (e.g., vomit, food, tongue).

Remove blockage only if easy to reach.

?️ B – Breathing

  • Look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds:
    • Look: chest movement
    • Listen: breathing sounds
    • Feel: breath on your cheek

If breathing normally: place in the recovery position.
? If NOT breathing or only gasping: begin CPR immediately.

❤️ C – Circulation / CPR

Quick body check for severe bleeding or injuries. Severe bleeding must be dealt with immediately.

  • Call 999 (or 112) and/or shout for help.
  • Start CPR if the person is not breathing:
    • Child: start with 5 rescue breaths. Adult: start with compressions.
    • 30 chest compressions (centre of chest, 100–120/min).
    • 2 rescue breaths (if trained and willing).
    • Repeat 30:2 cycle.

Use an AED (defibrillator) as soon as available – follow voice prompts.

✅ Summary Checklist

Step Action
DMake scene safe
RCheck for response (AVPU)
AOpen airway
BCheck breathing
CBreathing: Check for circulation issues.
Not breathing: Call 999 and begin CPR

Don't forget to call for help from bystanders when appropriate.

© 2025 First Aid For All | Skills for Life

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